Systems, methods and devices for electrical stimulation therapy

ABSTRACT

Systems, devices and methods are provided for transcutaneously delivering energy impulses to bodily tissues for therapeutic purposes, such as for enhancing the body&#39;s bone healing process in spinal fusion patients. A therapeutic stimulator system comprises a housing for an energy source and a signal generator. The system further includes one or more electrodes coupled to the signal generator. A processor is coupled to the housing and configured to determine usage levels of the signal generator and/or motion data of the housing. The system may include a mobile device that allows the patient to input user status data, such as pain levels, and compare the user status data with the usage levels and/or the motion data, thereby improving patient compliance with a prescribed therapy regimen.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.63/146,196, filed Feb. 5, 2021, and entitled “Therapeutic StimulatorSystem,” the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference for all purposes.

FIELD

The present systems, methods and devices generally relate to thedelivery of energy impulses (and/or fields) to bodily tissues fortherapeutic purposes. Specifically, these systems, methods and devicesrelate to the use of non-invasive devices, particularly transcutaneouselectrical stimulation devices, for enhancing the body's bone healingprocess in, for example, spinal fusion patients.

BACKGROUND

The use of electrical stimulation for the treatment of medicalconditions has been well known in the art for nearly two thousand years.It has been recognized that electrical stimulation of bone, muscleand/or nerve tissue may promote healing.

Therapeutic stimulator devices have been designed to promote healingafter spinal surgery, such as spinal fusion or spondylodesis. Spinalfusion is a neurosurgical or orthopedic surgical technique that joinstwo or more vertebrae to decompress and stabilize the spine. Spinalfusion may also relieve the pain and pressure from mechanical pain ofthe vertebra or on the spinal cord that results from pathologicalconditions of a spinal disc, such as degenerative disc disease, spinalstenosis, spondylolisthesis, spinal fractures, scoliosis and kypohosis.The procedure can be performed at any level in the spine (cervical,thoracic or lumbar) and generally prevents any movement between thefused vertebrae.

After a spinal fusion has been performed, it is necessary for multiplebone fragments to heal together, or “fuse” to create one solid bone. Afusion does not occur immediately at the time of surgery, but ratherresults from a process called osteogenesis, which is a body's way ofgrowing bony tissue. Over time (e.g., a few months and up to one year),this bone growth process most often unites the bone segments into asolid union of bone.

Unfortunately, in many patients who have undergone spinal fusion, thebones will not grow together and fuse within a normal period of time.This is sometimes referred to as a failed fusion or pseudoarthrosis, andmay occur with patients who have had a previously failed fusion, arehaving a multi-level spinal fusion (i.e., more than one disc in thevertebrae), patients with a diagnosis of Grade III (or worse)spondylolisthesis, or patients with co-morbidities, such asosteoporosis, vascular disease, diabetes, obesity, renal disease, andthe like.

Because of these risks, an electrical bone growth stimulator issometimes used to help enhance the body's bone healing process. Humanbone is actually a living tissue and, like skin, has the inherentability to heal itself when broken or injured. Broken bone helps promotethe body's bone healing process by creating its own electrical field. Inthe same way, application of an electrical stimulator can enhance thebody's natural bone healing process.

Electrical bone growth stimulators may be implanted at the time of thespinal fusion surgery in a soft pocket of tissue under the skin in thelower back. In other cases, external bone growth stimulation devices maybe worn outside the skin and do not require surgical implantation orextraction. Typically, the external device is worn after spinal fusioneither as thin skin pads/electrodes that are placed directly over thefusion site to deliver a type of electrical stimulation calledcapacitive coupling, or one or two treatment coils placed into a braceor directly onto the skin that deliver a type of electromagnetic fieldcalled a Pulsed ElectroMagnetic Field (PEMF) or a Combined MagneticField (CMF).

Unlike an internal (implanted) bone growth stimulator, an external bonegrowth stimulator may also be prescribed for the patient to use severalweeks or months after the fusion surgery if the bone is not fusing asdesired. Depending on the device and the patient's situation, anexternal bone growth stimulator will be prescribed to be worn for aspecific number of hours each day (typically within the range of 2 hoursto 24 hours per day). Sometimes the patient may be allowed to break upthe wear time into several one- or two-hour sessions each day, or tovary the times that the device is worn each day, to better suit thepatient's schedule. Typically, the external bone growth stimulator willbe worn for a period of 3 to 12 months following the surgery.

Current therapeutic stimulator devices provide a demonstrable benefit atimproving patient outcomes, provided that patients are compliant inusing the device as prescribed or indicated by the treating physician.However, the long treatment period, and the lack of feedback about thecourse of the therapy, makes this difficult. Consequently, patients' useof therapeutic stimulator devices tends to drop over time. This behavioris due in part to the patients not being able to see progress in theirrecovery. Most patients perceive satisfaction with their outcome interms of pain and activity relative to their pre-surgical condition, butfind it difficult to track whether such parameters are tracking in apositive direction. As such, most patients evaluate their satisfactionbased on current, and/or best and/or worst-case recollections of theirstatus, leading to an outcome as one of: satisfied or dissatisfied.Further, without objective information, many patients feel a constantsense of uncertainty and anxiety about their progress.

Another disadvantage with current external bone stimulation devices isthat the device itself can be bulky and uncomfortable. In addition,these devices may limit mobility and/or inhibit the patient fromperforming certain physical activities. For example, some of thesestimulators are attached to a relatively large inflexible frame worn onthe back that is attached to a belt that wraps around the patient'swaist. The frame and belt are designed to ensure that the electrodes ofthe stimulator remain in place at the target location external to thefusion site. Unfortunately, the inflexible frame and the belt limitmobility and generally cannot be worn while performing certain physicalactivities.

Yet another drawback with existing bone stimulation devices is that theuser interfaces for controlling these stimulators are unwieldy anddifficult to operate. The patient must either remove the simulationdevice, or bend into an awkward position, to interact with the userinterface and operate the device. In addition, current user interfacesoften include confusing input controls that do not necessarilycorrespond with a single output, which makes these devices moredifficult to operate and tends to reduce patient compliance with thetherapy regimen prescribed by the physician.

Therefore, there exists a need for an external therapeutic stimulatordevice that provides electrical stimulation to a spinal fusion site,while improving patient compliance in using the device as prescribed bya treating physician. It would be beneficial to provide such an externalstimulator with a more elegant user interface, and a device that iscomfortable and minimally intrusive to wear so that the patient hasnormal mobility and can perform normal physical activities while wearingthe device. In addition, it would be desirable to provide an externalstimulator that determines objective patient information and improvespatient feedback, thereby improving patient satisfaction with the deviceand the overall therapy regimen.

SUMMARY

The following presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basicunderstanding of some aspects of the present systems, methods anddevices. This summary is not an extensive overview of the claimedsubject matter. It is intended to neither identify key or criticalelements of the claimed subject matter nor delineate the scope of theclaimed subject matter. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts ofthe present systems, methods and devices in a simplified form as aprelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

Systems, methods and devices are provided for delivering energy impulses(and/or fields) to bodily tissues for therapeutic purposes. The systems,devices and methods are particularly useful for the transcutaneous andnon-invasive delivery of electrical impulses to body tissue (e.g.,joint, muscle, nerve, bone, ligament, vasculature, and/or other hard orsoft tissue, etc.) for enhancing the body's bone healing process in, forexample, spinal fusion patients.

In one aspect, a therapeutic stimulator system may comprise a housingfor an energy source, a signal generator coupled to the energy sourceand a timing module coupled to either the energy source or the signalgenerator. The system may further include one or more electrodes coupledto the signal generator. The signal generator can be configured togenerate one or more electrical impulses and to transmit these impulsesto the electrode(s). A processor can be coupled to the timing module andincludes a computer-readable storage device and/or software applicationthat stores program instructions that allow the processor to determineand store usage levels of the signal generator. In certain embodiments,the program instructions can be configured to determine the usage levelsbased on a period of time that the one or more electrical impulses aregenerated by the signal generator and applied to the one or moreelectrodes. This allows the patient and/or the caregiver to track usageof the stimulator and compare this usage with, for example, a prescribedtherapy regimen.

In certain embodiments, the system may further comprise one or more leadwires coupling the electrodes to the housing. The electrodes may havecontact surfaces configured for contacting an outer skin surface of thepatient, such as a suitable location on the back near the site of arecent spinal fusion. The signal generator may be configured to generateone or more electrical impulses to the one or more electrodes and totransmit those electrical impulses transcutaneously and non-invasivelythrough the outer skin surface to a target location within the spine ofthe patient. The one or more electrical impulses may be sufficient toenhance bone healing in the patient.

In another aspect, the system may further comprise a user interfaceconfigured to receive user status data from the patient. The userinterface may be disposed on the housing of the stimulation device or itmay be located external to the stimulation device, for example, on anexternal processing device or a mobile device, such as a Smartphone,tablet, Match, external computer or the like. The user status data mayinclude, for example, the level of pain experienced by the patient, thepatient's satisfaction level, his or her mood, recent medication use,particularly pain medication, the patient's perceived activity level,the amount of sleep that the patient has received or other data relatedto the patient's recovery.

The user interface may comprise a plurality of indicators and/orcontrols, with each indicator or control corresponding with a singleoutput of the stimulation device or a single indication of status. This“one to one” correlation between inputs and outputs makes the devicerelatively easy to operate and tends to improve patient compliance withthe therapy regimen prescribed by the physician.

The system may further include a second processor coupled to the userinterface, and a second computer-readable storage device and/or softwareapplication that stores program instructions that when executed by thesecond processor compiles the user status data that has been input bythe patient into an aggregate set of data that provides valuableinformation on the status of the patient. The second processor may bedisposed on the stimulation device, the mobile device or an externalprocessing device coupled to the mobile device. Since this informationcan be inputted by the patient throughout the therapy regimen, itprovides historical data for the patient to understand how his/herstatus has changed throughout the therapy, i.e., pain levels haveconsistently gone down, medication use has decreased, etc.

In certain embodiments, the second processor may be coupled to the firstprocessor and the system may include a third computer-readable storagedevice and/or software application that stores program instructions thatwhen executed by the second processor compares the user status data tothe usage levels of the device. Alternatively, the thirdcomputer-readable storage device may be disposed on the first processor,or a single processor may include all of the computer-readable storagedevices. Comparing usage levels of the device directly with the userstatus data allows the patient to directly correlate usage of the devicewith his/her status at the time of such usage, e.g., a reduction in painor a decreased use of medication to alleviate pain may directlycorrelate with usage. Providing this direct correlation providesconfidence to the patient that the therapy regimen is effective, and mayimprove patient compliance.

The housing may further include an impedance sensor coupled to the oneor more electrodes to detect impedance of the electrical impulsestransmitted to the target site within the patient. The programinstructions may be configured to determine the usage levels based onthe impedance. In addition, or in the alternative, the processor may becoupled to the impedance sensor and configured to adjust an amplitude ofthe one or more electrical impulses based on the impedance. This allowsthe device to dynamically adjust the amplitude or current applied to theelectrodes based on the impedance of, for example, the individualpatient, to ensure that a consistent therapeutic signal is delivered tothe target site within the patient.

The system may include one or more sensors coupled to the housing or anexternal processor. The sensors may be configured to detect aphysiological parameter of the patient, such as blood flow, bloodoxygen, heart rate, heart rate variability, heart rhythm, bloodpressure, body temperature, gaze, and gait. The system may furtherinclude a computer-readable storage device or software application thatstores program instructions to compare the physiological parameters withusage levels of the device or with patient status data.

The system may include a mobile device coupled to the housing. Thehousing may be attached to the mobile device, or it may be incorporatedinto the mobile device. Alternatively, the housing may be incorporatedinto a casing for the mobile device, such as, for example, a casing fora mobile phone. In other embodiments, the mobile device is wirelesslycoupled to the housing.

In certain embodiments, the mobile device may include a controller forcontrolling certain functions of the stimulation device. In this manner,some portions of the control of the stimulation device may reside incontroller components that are physically separate from the housing. Inthis embodiment, separate components of the controller and stimulatorhousing generally communicate with one another wirelessly. Thus, the useof wireless technology avoids the inconvenience and distance limitationsof interconnecting cables. In addition, the stimulator device may beconstructed with the minimum number of components needed to generate theelectrical impulses, with the remaining components placed in parts of acontroller that reside outside the stimulator housing, resulting in alighter and smaller stimulator housing.

In another aspect, a therapeutic stimulator system may comprise ahousing for an energy source and a signal generator coupled to theenergy source. The system may further include one or more electrodescoupled to the signal generator and a motion sensor coupled to thehousing and configured to sense a motion of the housing. A processor maybe coupled to the motion sensor and include a computer-readable storagedevice and/or software application that stores program instructions thatallow the processor to determine a magnitude of motion data obtainedfrom the motion sensor over a plurality of time frames. This allows thepatient and/or the prescribing physician to track the patient's motionduring use of the stimulator.

In certain embodiments, the computer-readable storage device may storeprogram instructions to determine motion levels indicating a peak vectormagnitude of the motion data. The motion sensor may detect the motiondata at a frequency of about 5 Hz to about 100 Hz, preferably about 25Hz, and the processor may be configured to group or parse the motiondata into a plurality of bins to create a histogram of the motion data.The system may also include a wireless transmitter within the housingconfigured to transmit the parsed data associated with the histogram ofthe motion data to a remote source, such as a mobile device and/orremote processor.

In certain embodiments, the system may further comprise a softwareapplication that includes program instructions that, when executed by aprocessor, converts the parsed data into patient data that may bedisplayed on, for example, the mobile device or a separate visualdisplay. This converts the parsed data or histogram of the motion datainto meaningful information that can be used by the patient or caregiverto monitor patient compliance and/or the effectiveness of the therapy.

Creating a histogram by grouping the motion data into bins allows thesystem to convert an extremely large data set (i.e., motion data of thehousing taken 25 times/second) into manageable data bytes that can betransmitted from the wireless transmitter to a remote processor. Thisallows the system to effectively transmit the motion data in real-timeto provide valuable feedback regarding the patient's motion duringtreatment.

In an exemplary embodiment, the motion sensor may comprise anaccelerometer within the housing that may be configured to measureacceleration of the housing in three perpendicular axes. Since thehousing is attached to the patient, this acceleration data is indicativeof the patient's movement during treatment.

In some embodiments, the system may determine activity levels of thepatient over time. The system can determine the activity levels bysampling the motion data over predetermined time frames (e.g., 1 minute)and calculating a peak vector magnitude of the motion data for theindividual time frames. Further, the system can group the samples into anumber of predetermined quantity bins (e.g., bin 0 to bin 14), whereinindividual bins correspond to respective, different activity levelsranging from a lowest (e.g., no activity) to a highest (e.g.,sprinting). The activity data can be used, for example, to create ahistogram representing the patient's activity over time. Grouping theactivity data into bins converts an extremely large data set (e.g.,motion data captured from the user 30 times/second for 24 hours) into amuch smaller data set that can be transmitted from the wirelesstransmitter to a remote processor. Doing so can allow system toefficiently transmit the motion data in real-time and to providevaluable feedback regarding the patient's motion during treatment.

In certain embodiments, the system may further comprise one or more leadwires coupling the electrodes to the housing. The electrodes may havecontact surfaces configured for contacting an outer skin surface of thepatient, such as a suitable location on the back near the site of aspinal fusion. The signal generator may be configured to generate one ormore electrical impulses to the one or more electrodes and to transmitthose electrical impulses transcutaneously and non-invasively throughthe outer skin surface to a target location within the spine of thepatient. The one or more electrical impulses may be sufficient toenhance bone healing in the patient.

In another aspect, the system may further comprise a user interfaceconfigured to receive user status data from a user of the system. Theuser interface may, for example, include a mobile device, such as aSmartphone, tablet, IWatch, external computer or the like. The userstatus data may include, for example, the level of pain experienced bythe patient, the patient's satisfaction level, his or her mood,medication use, particularly pain medication, the patient's perceivedactivity level, the amount of sleep or other data related to thepatient's recovery.

The system may further include a second processor coupled to the userinterface, and a second computer-readable storage device and/or softwareapplication that stores program instructions that when executed by thesecond processor compiles the user status data into an aggregate set ofdata that provides valuable information on the status of the patient.Since this information can be inputted by the patient throughout thetherapy regimen, it provides historical data for the patient tounderstand how his/her status has changed throughout the therapy, i.e.,pain levels have consistently gone down, medication use has decreased,etc.

In certain embodiments, the second processor may be coupled to the firstprocessor and the system may include a third computer-readable storagedevice and/or software application that stores program instructions thatwhen executed by the second processor compares the user status data tothe motion data. This allows the patient to directly correlate the userstatus data with the motion data, thereby allowing the patient to trackhis/her status (e.g., pain levels) with movement during treatment.

In yet another aspect, a portable stimulation device may comprise ahousing having an energy source and a signal generator coupled to theenergy source. The housing may include an attachment element forremovably coupling the housing to a patient and an upper surfacedirected towards a head of a patient when the attachment element iscoupled to the patient. The device may include one or more electrodescoupled to the signal generator and having a contact surface configuredfor contacting an outer skin surface of a patient. The signal generatormay be configured to generate one or more electrical impulses andtransmit the one or more electrical impulses to the electrodes andtranscutaneously through the outer skin surface to a target area withinthe patient. The device may further include a user interface coupled tothe signal generator and/or the energy source. The user interface may bedisposed on the upper surface of the housing so that it is facing thehead of the patient. This allows the patient to view the user interfacewhile wearing the device so that he/she can easily monitor statusindicators on the device and/or manipulate controls on the userinterface to control the device.

In certain embodiments, the attachment element may be configured toattach to a waist of the patient. The attachment element may comprise aclip configured to attach to a belt worn by a patient. The housing iscomfortable, ergonomic and minimally intrusive to wear so that thepatient has normal mobility and can perform normal physical activitieswhile wearing the device. This increases patient compliance with thetherapy regimen.

The user interface may comprise a plurality of indicators and/orcontrols, with each indicator or control corresponding with a singleoutput of the stimulator device or a single indication of status. This“one to one” correlation between inputs and outputs makes the devicerelatively easy to operate and tends to improve patient compliance withthe therapy regimen prescribed by the physician.

The device may further include a rechargeable battery removably coupledthe housing. In certain embodiments, the device will include a separatecharging station and a second rechargeable battery. This allows thepatient to easily switch out batteries for continuous 24-hour/day use ofthe device.

In an exemplary embodiment, the rechargeable battery may include a datastorage component coupled to the processor within the stimulationdevice. The processor may be configured to transfer data, such as motiondata, usage levels, or any other data collected by the processor, to thedata storage component. The data storage component may be accessed by aseparate processor external to the stimulation device (e.g., in themobile device or a separate processing device) when the battery isremoved for recharging. This allows large amounts of data to betransferred from the stimulation device to the mobile device, i.e.,larger amounts of data that may be possible through wirelesstransmission alone.

In another aspect, a therapeutic stimulation system may comprise anenergy source, a signal generator, a motion sensor, a processor and acomputer-readable data storage device storing program instructions. Thesignal generator may be configured to generate a therapeutic signal andapply the therapeutic signal through a skin of a user to a targetstimulation site. The program instructions, when executed by theprocessor: (1) store a plurality of samples of user motion datagenerated by the motion sensor, wherein individual samples of theplurality of samples correspond to respective time frames; (2) forindividual samples of the plurality of samples of the user motion data,determine respective activity levels from a plurality of predeterminedactivity levels, wherein individual activity levels of the plurality ofpredetermined activity levels correspond to different ranges of useractivity; (3) parse the plurality of samples into corresponding activitygroups of a plurality of predetermined activity groups based on therespective activity levels determined for the individual samples of theplurality of samples; and (4) determine quantities of user activity forindividual time periods of a plurality of time periods based onrespective quantities of samples of the plurality of samples included inindividual activity level groups of the plurality of predeterminedactivity groups. In some embodiments, the target stimulation site may bein the spine of the user, and the therapeutic signal may be sufficientto enhance bone healing in the user.

The system may further comprise a portable device including the signalgenerator, the energy source, the processor and the computer-readabledata storage device; and a user device including a display device, asecond processor and a second computer-readable data storage device,which stores second storing program instructions. The second programinstructions, when executed by the second processor, display thequantities of user activity corresponding to the plurality ofpredetermined time period using the display device. The user motion datamay be associated with motion of the wearable portable device. Theportable device may include a signal transmitter communicativelyconnected to the user device.

The program instructions may further control the portable device togenerate impedance data based on a flow of current from the signalgenerator through the skin of the user and determine usage levels of theportable device based on the impedance data. The program instructionsmay further control the portable device to modify parameters of thetherapeutic signal based on the impedance data.

The respective activity level from the plurality of activity levels forthe individual samples may comprise peak vector magnitudes of theindividual samples or an average vector magnitude of the individualsamples. The individual time periods may be about 0.1 to about 10seconds or about 0.5 to 2 seconds.

The second program instructions, when executed by the second processor,may control the user device to provide a first user interface promptingthe user to enter user status information and provide a second userinterface receiving the user status information from the user. The userstatus information may comprise one or more of: level of pain,satisfaction level, mood, medication use, activity level, and amount ofsleep.

The stimulation system may further comprise a rechargeable batterydetachably coupled to the portable device. The rechargeable battery maycomprise an input/output device configured to communicatively connectthe portable device to a battery charger and a non-volatile data storagethat stores the motion data.

In another aspect, a method for treating a patient comprises generatinga therapeutic signal using a signal generator, applying the therapeuticsignal through a skin of a user to a target stimulation site and storinga plurality of samples of user motion data generated by a motion sensoris provided. The individual samples of the plurality of samples maycorrespond to respective time frames. The method may further include:(1) determining, for individual samples of the plurality of samples ofthe user motion data, respective activity levels from a plurality ofpredetermined activity levels, wherein the individual activity levels ofthe plurality of predetermined activity levels correspond to differentranges of user activity; (2) parsing the plurality of samples intocorresponding activity groups of a plurality of predetermined activitygroups based on the respective activity levels determined for theindividual samples of the plurality of samples; and (3) determiningquantities of user activity for individual time periods of a pluralityof time periods based on respective quantities of samples of theplurality of samples included in individual activity level groups of theplurality of predetermined activity groups. In some embodiments, thestep of applying may comprise transmitting the therapeutic signalthrough the skin to the target stimulation site, wherein the targetstimulation site may be located in the spine of the user, and thetherapeutic signal may be sufficient to enhance bone healing in theuser.

The signal generator and the motion sensor may be housed within awearable portable device. The user motion data may be associated withmotion of the wearable portable device.

The method may further comprise transmitting the quantities of useractivity corresponding to the plurality of predetermined time periodsfrom the wearable portable device to a display device and displaying thequantities of user activity corresponding to the plurality ofpredetermined time periods on the display device.

The respective activity level from the plurality of activity levels forthe individual samples may comprise peak vector magnitudes of theindividual samples or an average vector magnitude of the individualsamples. The individual time periods are about 0.1 to about 10 seconds.

The method may further comprise applying the therapeutic signal from oneor more electrodes coupled to the wearable portable devicetranscutaneously through an outer skin surface of the user to a targetstimulation site and generating impedance data based on a flow ofcurrent from the signal transmitter through the outer skin surface ofthe user. Usage levels of the wearable portable device may be determinedbased on the impedance data. Parameters of the therapeutic signal may bemodified based on the impedance data.

The method may further comprise providing a first user interfaceprompting the user to enter user status information and providing asecond user interface receiving the user status information from theuser. The user status information comprises one or more of: level ofpain, satisfaction level, mood, medication use, activity level, andamount of sleep.

The plurality of samples of the user motion data may be stored in adetachable rechargeable battery that can be removed such that the usermotion data is received by a remote processor or display device.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory onlyand are not restrictive of the disclosure. Additional features of thepresent systems, methods and devices will be set forth in part in thedescription which follows or may be learned by practice of thedisclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of thepresent systems, methods and devices, and together with the descriptionserve to explain the principles of the disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a therapeutic stimulation device.

FIG. 2 is a top view of the therapeutic stimulation device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 illustrates first and second electrodes of the stimulation deviceattached to an outer skin surface of a patient.

FIG. 4 illustrates the stimulation device of FIG. 1 coupled with amobile device.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a system for delivering electrical impulsesto a patient.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the internal components of a stimulationdevice.

FIG. 7 shows a system block diagram illustrating an example environmentfor implementing systems and processes.

FIG. 8 shows a system block diagram illustrating an example of astimulation device.

FIG. 9 shows a system block diagram illustrating an example of a userdevice.

FIG. 10 shows a system block diagram illustrating an example of abattery and a battery charger.

FIG. 11 shows a functional flow block diagram of an example of a system.

FIG. 12 shows a functional flow block diagram illustrating an example ofprocess for determining activity data.

FIG. 13 shows a data structure illustrating example activity datadetermined.

FIG. 14 shows a flow chart illustrating an example process performed bysystem.

FIGS. 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E, 15F, and 15G show images illustratingexemplary screenshots of a user-interface provided by a user device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Systems, devices and methods are provided for delivering electricalimpulses to bodily tissue. The systems, devices and methods areparticularly useful for promoting bone healing and controlling pain infor example, spinal fusion patients. In some embodiments, a therapeuticstimulator system enables improved tracking and sharing of treatment andstatus information. In some embodiments, the therapeutic stimulatorsystem includes a wearable, non-invasive stimulator device and a hubdevice, such as a smartphone or tablet, that captures stimulator usagedata, user motion data and user-provided status data. The captured datacan be aggregated to provide feedback to the user and their healthcareprovider to improve the user's recovery. The systems and devices alsohelp ensure and demonstrate both compliance with the therapy and higherpatient satisfaction through richer and more frequent data sharingbetween the physician and patient.

The present therapeutic stimulator systems increase efficiency andimprove ease of use over conventional systems by reducing powerconsumption and decreasing quantities of data stored and transferred.For example, in some embodiments, the therapeutic stimulator systems canreduce power drain and provide long battery life (e.g., greater than 24hours) by manually or periodically pulling data from the stimulatordevices, instead of maintaining communication with, for example, a basestation that constantly pulls data from the stimulator devices.Additionally, for example, in some embodiments the therapeuticstimulator systems can decrease quantities of information (e.g.,accelerometer data) stored and transferred by the stimulation devices bycombining it into a histogram using an algorithm, which parse theinformation and converts it into a form that is more meaningful to users(e.g., “active hours”).

While the following disclosure is presented with respect to electricalstimulation devices for enhancing bone healing in spinal fusionpatients, it should be understood that the features of the presentlydescribed devices may be readily adapted for use in any type ofelectrical stimulation device, such as electrotherapy devices, musclestimulation devices (e.g., transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulationor TENS), nerve stimulation devices, such as sacral nerve stimulators,vagus nerve stimulators, peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), spinal cordstimulation, tibial nerve stimulators and the like. In addition, whilethe present disclosure primarily describes non-invasive, transcutaneousnerve stimulation, the features described herein may be readily adaptedfor other approaches, such as implantable nerve and muscle stimulatorsand/or percutaneous nerve stimulators.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a portable stimulation device 10 will now bedescribed. As shown, stimulation device 10 comprises a housing 12 withupper and lower surfaces 14, 16 and first and second opposing sidesurfaces 18, 20 connecting upper surface 14 to lower surface 16. Incertain embodiments, housing 12 is generally rectangular with sidesurfaces 18, 20 each having a curved end portion 22, 24 that forms acontinuous surface around housing 12 (see also FIG. 2). Side surfaces18, 20 may be substantially linear, or they may be curved depending on alocation housing 12 is worn on a patient's body. For example, inner sidesurface 12 may have a slightly concave surface while outer side surface14 may be slightly convex to provide enhanced conformity with apatient's waist.

Housing 12 is preferably lightweight and compact to augment comfort andwearability. Housing 12 may be constructed of any suitable material thatprovides such functionality, such as metal (e.g., stainless steel oraluminum), plastic (e.g., polycarbonate, polypropylene or polyethylene)or the like. Housing 12 is also relatively thin and ergonomic,preferably having a wall thickness of about 0.05 to 2.0 mm, preferablyabout 1.0 mm and an enclosure depth of about 15 mm to about 20 mm,preferably about 17.5 mm.

Housing 12 includes an energy source, such as a rechargeable battery(not shown). The rechargeable battery is housed within a battery pack 30that is removably coupled to lower surface 16 of housing 12. The systemmay further include a recharging outlet or station (also not shown)configured to receive the rechargeable battery. Alternatively, batterypack 30 may comprise an outlet or other coupling element for directlycharging the battery with a suitable electrical connector (i.e., withoutremoving battery pack 30 from housing 12). Providing a rechargeablebattery that may be easily switched out allows 24 hour use of thedevice, which may increase the effectiveness of the device. In otherembodiments, the energy source may be located exterior to housing 12 andeither directly connected thereto with wires or other electricalconnections, or wirelessly coupled to housing 12 via a suitable wirelessenergy transmitter/receiver device.

In certain embodiments, battery pack 30 includes a data storagecomponent (not shown) coupled to a processor 240 (see FIG. 6) withinstimulation device 10. Processor 240 is configured to transfer data,such as motion data, usage levels, or any other data collected byprocessor 240, to the data storage component. The data storage componentmay be accessed by a separate processor external to the stimulationdevice (e.g., in the mobile device 60 or a separate processing device)when the battery is removed for recharging. This allows large amounts ofdata to be transferred from the stimulation device to the mobile device,i.e., larger amounts of data that may be possible through wirelesstransmission alone.

Stimulation device 10 further includes first and second electrodes 40,42 coupled to housing via flexible lead wires 44, 46. Lead wires 44, 46are preferably at least long enough to extend from housing 12 to thetarget location on the patient's back (see FIG. 3) when housing 12 isattached to the patient's waist (see FIG. 2). In certain embodiments,lead wires 44, 46 are long enough to allow the patient to attachelectrodes 40, 42 to the target location without wearing housing 12(e.g., by placing it on the bedside table during sleep, carrying housing12 in a backpack or the like). Lead wires 44, 46 are attached to aconnection terminal 48 on upper surface 14 of housing 12, which iscoupled to a signal generator 232 within housing 12 (discussed below inreference to FIG. 6). Alternatively, connection terminal 48 may belocated on lower surface 16 or opposing side surfaces 18, 20. In yetanother embodiment, electrodes 40, 42 may be wirelessly coupled tohousing 12 such that lead wires 44, 46 are not required.

Electrodes 40, 42 may comprise any suitable skin pad electrodesconfigured to contact, and adhere to, an outer skin surface of thepatient and to deliver electrical impulses through the outer skinsurface to a target location within the patient's body. In oneembodiment, electrodes 40, 42 comprise conductive gel pads and have asuitable adhesive layer for bonding electrodes 40, 42 to the patient'sskin (see FIG. 3).

Referring now to FIG. 2, housing 12 further includes an attachmentelement, such as a clip 50, that allows the patient to attach housing 12to a wearable garment 57, such as a belt, pants, skirt, shorts, or thelike. Of course, the attachment element may comprise any suitablereleasable coupling element, such as fasteners, snaps, interference fitstructures, Velcro and the like. As shown, housing 12 is designed to beworn on the side of the patient's waist to minimize interference withmovement, such as walking, kneeling, sitting, bending over or layingdown. This ensures that housing is comfortable and non-intrusive towear, which increases patience compliance with the therapy regimenprescribed by the caregiver.

Of course, it should be recognized that the present disclosure is notlimited to an attachment element that couples the housing 12 of device10 to the patient's waist. For example, device 10 may be configured forattachment to a variety of different wearable garments, such as hats,socks, robes, jackets, pants, shirts, vests, shorts, bibs, coveralls,boots, scarves, ear-muffs, beanies, underwear, wetsuits and the like,and/or to other non-wearable items, such as blankets, sheets, towels,bandages, seats, mattresses, sleeping-bags, and the like.

In one embodiment, significant portions of the control of stimulationdevice 10 may reside in controller components that are physicallyseparate from the housing 12. For example, the power supply and otherelectronic components of stimulation device 10 may be located in aseparate controller device. In this embodiment, separate components ofthe controller and stimulator housing generally communicate with oneanother wirelessly. Thus, the use of wireless technology avoids theinconvenience and distance limitations of interconnecting cables. Inaddition, the stimulator device 10 may be constructed with the minimumnumber of components needed to generate the stimulation pulses, with theremaining components placed in parts of a controller that reside outsidethe stimulator housing, resulting in a lighter and smaller stimulatorhousing. In fact, the stimulator housing 12 may be made so small that itcould be difficult to place user inputs or indicators on the stimulatorhousing's exterior. Instead, the user interface may be located on aseparate control device, such as smartphone touchscreen (discussedbelow).

In these embodiments, device 10 may be incorporated into a wearablegarment. For example, a wearable garment, such as a shirt or pants, mayinclude one or more internal recesses for housing electrodes 40, 42 suchthat the electrodes can be placed against a target location on thepatient's outer skin surface when the patient wears the garment. Thewearable garment may include additional features, such as multiplehardpoints, straps or the like, for ensuring that electrodes contact thepatient's skin surface and engage this surface sufficiently to transmitthe electrical impulses therethrough. The wearable garment may alsoinclude a waterproof outer shell around the recesses to insulate theelectrodes and associated electronic circuits from moisture, water orother fluids that may contact the garment.

In this embodiment, the electrodes 40, 42 may be coupled to housing 12through wires, or wirelessly. In either embodiment, the housing may beattached to a different location on the patient (e.g., the waist) or itmay be entirely separate from the patient.

Alternatively, stimulation device 10 may be configured for attachment toan accessory device, such as a necklace, watch, earrings, headband orthe like. In this latter configuration, device 10 would be much smallerand may, for example, incorporate fewer elements (i.e., electrodes 40,42, a wireless receiver and associated electronics).

Housing 12 further includes a user interface 52 disposed on uppersurface 16 of housing 12. User interface 52 comprises one or more userinput controls 54 that allow the user to control device 10, and one ormore indicators or icons 56 that provide information to the user aboutthe status of device 10. As shown in FIG. 2, user interface 52 facestowards the patient's head when housing 12 is clipped to the patient'swaist. This allows the patient to simply look down and view and/ormanipulate user interface 52 without having to remove device 10 fromhis/her waist or bend into an awkward position to access user interface52.

Input controls 54 are preferably designed such that a single user inputresults in only one single output. Similarly, icons 56 are designed suchthat each indicator corresponds to only one data point, or actionrequired by the user. For example, input controls 54 may include a powercontrol that turns the device On/Off and a signal control that causesthe signal generator to transmit electrical impulses to the electrodes.Icons 56 may include a treating indicator, a battery level indicator, awireless connection indicator, a circuit complete indicator and/or anerror/malfunction indicator. Icons 56 may further include a singleindicator that alerts the patient that the electrodes are not properlypositioned against an outer skin surface such that current may passtherethrough.

In addition to visual indications, device 10 may include an accompanyingvibration and/or audible signal or buzzer in case the icons are notvisible or when the patient is asleep or otherwise not able to view userinterface 52. In this embodiment, input controls 54 may further comprisecontrols that turn ON/OFF the vibration or the audible signals (e.g., amute button).

Referring now to FIG. 4, the therapy system may include a mobile device60 that is wirelessly coupled to stimulation device 10, such as aSmartphone, PDA, tablet PC, palm device, IWatch, laptop computer or thelike, Mobile device 60 includes at least a user interface, a userdisplay, a processor and a wireless receiver/transmitter fortransmitting data to and from stimulation device 10 and/or to and fromother processors (discussed in more detail below). Alternatively, mobiledevice 60 may also include a direct connector, such as a USB plug, fordirectly connecting to stimulation device 10. Mobile device 60 mayfurther include a device identifier configured to identify an individualstimulation device 10. The device identifier allows the mobile device 60to ensure that data transmitted thereto is data from device 10.

In certain embodiments, mobile device 60 includes a suitable userinterface and a computer-readable storage device and/or one or moresoftware applications that allow a patient to input current user statusinformation into mobile device 60. The mobile device 60 may include analert or other alarm that reminds the patient to input user statusinformation on a regular time schedule. The user status information mayinclude, for example, a current level of pain, a satisfaction level, acurrent mood, an amount of recent medication use (e.g., painmedication), a perceived activity level, the amount of sleep that thepatient has recently received or any other data related to the patient'sgeneral health or recovery. This user status information is storedwithin device 60 and may be displayed in a variety of different formsfor the user: list form, graphical form, activity reports and the like.The user status information allows the user (and the prescribingphysician) to document the user status information, and it may providehistorical trends of this information (e.g., have pain levels ormedication use gone down over time) to provide a more holistic pictureof his/her progress with the therapy regimen.

In certain embodiments, mobile device 60 includes a processor thatcorrelates the user status information with other data received fromstimulation device 10, such as motion data and/or usage levels of thedevice (discussed below). The processor may be configured to allow thedisplay of this correlated information on the mobile device so that theuser and/or physician can compare and track the user status informationwith the motion and usage levels. This provides valuable data to boththe user and the physician to help them visualize the effectiveness ofthe stimulation therapy. In addition, this provides a historical recordof this effectiveness so that the patient does not have to remember theuser status information at, for example, follow-up visits with thephysician. For example, if the patient sees that higher usage levels ofthe device (and/or usage levels that substantially track the prescribingphysician's recommendations) correlate with lower pain levels, highersatisfaction, better moods, etc., the patient will understand thatcompliance with the therapy regimen (e.g., routine, timing and duration)provides better outcomes. This understanding may provide better patientcompliance with the therapy regimen.

Stimulation device 10 may transmit other information to mobile device 60or directly to a separate processing device (e.g., one operated by acaregiver). This information may include, for example, error data and/orincomplete circuit data produced by stimulation device 10. For example,if the stimulation device 10 produces an incomplete circuit data, thiscould mean that the patient requires assistance in placement of theelectrodes. If the stimulation device 10 produces error data, this couldmean that the patient requires assistance troubleshooting device 10.

Mobile device 60 preferably includes one or more software applicationsthat display information that enhances the user experience withstimulation device 10 and enables the patient to track the progresshe/she has made with the therapy regimen. In addition, it may provideinformation on the particular surgical procedure that the patient hasundergone, and relevant stage-based content on what the patient mayexpect during recovery. For example, upon opening the application andcreating a profile, the patient may be prompted to provide baselineinformation on user status, such as mood, pain-level, prescribedmedications and the like. The software application may also beconfigured to prompt the patient to set goals or milestones for his/herrecovery, such as pain-free activities. The software application mayprovide a dashboard or similar display that provides a summary of thedata that has been collected during the therapy regimen. This summarydata may include, for example, progress towards milestones or goalsachieved, progress on recovery, such as pain levels, emotional stateand/or activity levels and the like. This information may help thepatient avoid recovery setbacks and improve compliance with the therapy.

In certain embodiments, mobile device 60 may include softwareapplications that monitor activity levels of the patient, compare theseactivity levels to prescribed levels for the individual patient'sprocedure and/or other data collected from the patient or device 10(e.g., pain data) and then provide messages to the patient regardingsuch activity levels (e.g., a warning if the patient is pushing thelimits of the prescribed activity levels). The application may alsoinclude a list of “approved activities” that are generated by thecaregiver that will suit the patient's lifestyle without compromisinghis/her recovery.

In certain embodiments, the mobile device 60 may be configured totransmit the usage status data, the motion data and/or the usage leveldata to a separate processor, such as one operated by the caregiver. Inthese embodiments, the caregiver may also track and record the samecorrelated information. In certain applications, mobile device 60 mayinclude a patient or user software application and a separate caregiver(e.g., physician) software application. In an exemplary embodiment, thephysician software application may be configured to allow the data fromindividual patients to be aggregated together to form data across aplurality of different patients. This aggregated data may allow thephysician to determine the overall effectiveness of the therapy acrossmultiple patients. In addition, it may allow the physician to betterunderstand the impact of usage of the device with the effectiveness ofthe therapy. For example, the data may show that increased usage of thedevice and/or improved compliance with the therapy regimen increasesoverall effectiveness, speed of recovery or reduction in pain.

In certain embodiments, the physician software application may beconfigured to automatically produce reports of complied data from mobiledevice 60 and/or stimulation device 10 that may include, for example,patient compliance with the therapy regimen, patient status data (e.g.,pain), patient activity information from motion data and/or usage leveldata. The software application may be designed to aggregate these datainto single reports that allow the physician to easily compare, forexample, usage level data with pain, patient satisfaction, medicationuser, activity levels and the like.

Although the device shown in FIG. 4 is an adapted commercially availablesmartphone, it is understood that in some embodiments, the housing ofthe stimulator may also be joined to and/or powered by a wireless devicethat is not a phone (e.g., Wi-Fi enabled device). Alternatively, thestimulator may be coupled to a phone or other Wi-Fi enabled devicethrough a wireless connection for exchanging data at short distances,such as Bluetooth or the like. In this embodiment, the stimulatorhousing is not attached to the smartphone and, therefore, may comprise avariety of other shapes and sizes that are convenient for the patient tocarry in his or her purse, wallet or pocket.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a therapy system 200 comprises a stimulationdevice 10, one or more electrodes 202, a mobile device 60, such as aSmartphone or similar device as discussed above, and an externalprocessing device 206, such as computer, server or other database.Mobile device 60 preferably includes a user interface (not shown) forallowing the patient to input user status data and a wirelessreceiver/transmitter for receiving data from stimulation device 10 andfor transmitting data to external processing device 206. Electrodes 202may be coupled to stimulation device 10 via leads (as discussed above inreference to FIGS. 1-4) or they may be coupled wirelessly to stimulationdevice 10. In the latter embodiment, electrodes 202 may also include awireless receiver for receiving the stimulation signal and suitableelectronics for converting the received signal to electrical impulses,as discussed above.

The system 200 may include one or more sensors (not shown) coupled tohousing 12, mobile device 60 or an external processor. The sensors maybe configured to detect a physiological parameter of the patient, suchas body temperature, blood flow, blood oxygen, heart rate, heart ratevariability, heart rhythm, blood pressure, gaze and gait. The system mayfurther include a computer-readable storage device that stores programinstructions to compare the physiological parameters with usage levelsof the device or with patient status data. Suitable sensors for use inthe present systems, methods and devices may include PCT and microarraybased sensors, optical sensors (e.g., bioluminescence and fluorescence),piezoelectric, potentiometric, amperometric, conductometric, nanosensorsor the like.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a block diagram of certain internal componentsof stimulation device 10 will now be described. As shown, stimulatordevice 10 comprises housing 12 and a power module 230, such as therechargeable battery described above. Housing 10 further includes asignal generator 232, an impedance sensor 234, a timing module 236 and amotion sensor 238 coupled to a processor 240. Housing 10 may alsoinclude a wireless transmitter/receiver 242 and a user interface 244, asdiscussed above. In certain embodiments, device 10 can comprise aone-way buffer or Firewall between the treatment and communicationcomponents of housing 60 to prevent interference/interaction betweenthese two functions of device 10.

Signal generator 232 can generate a therapeutic signal (i.e., electricalimpulses) that can be transmitted to electrodes 40, 42. Signal generator232 may be implemented using power module 236 and a control unit orprocessor 240 having, for instance, a clock, a memory, etc., to producea pulse train to the electrodes 40, 42 that deliver a stimulating,blocking and/or modulating impulse to the patient's body. The parametersof the electrical impulses, such as the frequency, amplitude, dutycycle, pulse width, pulse shape, etc., may be programmable by thecaregiver. An external communication device may modify the pulsegenerator programming to improve treatment.

The electrical impulses preferably have a frequency, an amplitude, aduty cycle, a pulse width, a pulse shape, etc. selected to influence thetherapeutic result. In an exemplary embodiment, the therapeutic signalcomprises a waveform suitable for transcutaneous delivery through anouter skin surface of a patient to a target location (e.g., joint,muscle, nerve, bone, ligament, vasculature, and/or other hard or softtissue, etc.) within the patient's spine. In this embodiment, theelectrical impulses are preferably sufficient to enhance bone healingwithin the spine, and are particularly suitable for patients recoveringfrom spinal fusion. In an exemplary embodiment, the signal comprises anoutput waveform of sinusoidal pulses having a frequency of about 50 KHzto about 70 KHz, preferably about 60 KHz. The amplitude of the waveformis preferably in the range of about 5 to about 10 mA (r.m.s.) atimpedances between about 100 and 450 Ohms. The amplitude may be greaterthan about 3 mA (r.m.s.) at impedances between about 450 Ohms and about750 Ohms.

Impedance sensor 232 is also coupled to electrodes 40, 42 and functionsto measure the impedance from current flow between the electrodes 40, 42and to transmit this impedance to processor 240. Impedance sensor 232may be located within housing 12 as shown in FIG. 6, or it may belocated within connection terminal 48 (FIG. 1), or any other locationbetween electrodes 40, 42 and signal generator 232. Processor 240includes software program instructions to adjust the amplitude of thecurrent transmitted to electrodes 40, 42 based on this impedance. Asdiscussed further below, this ensures that the amplitude of theelectrical impulses transmitted to the target location within thepatient will remain substantially within the therapeutic range.Impedance sensor 232 may also be coupled to timing module 236 formeasuring usage levels of device 10, as discussed below.

Motion sensor 238 may comprise one or more accelerometers that detectthree-axis motion. In certain embodiments, motion sensor 238 can sampleoutputs of the accelerometers between about five (5) to about onehundred (100) times per second, preferably about twenty-five (25) timesper second. Processor 240 may then convert these individual samples intovectors, and the magnitude of the individual vectors are calculated overa time frame (e.g., one second). Processor 240 may then determine themaximum value of the vectors' magnitudes within their respective timeframes and may transfer this data to a remote source, such as mobiledevice 60, via wireless transmitter/receiver 242. Processor 240 may alsobe configured to group the motion data into a plurality of bins tocreate a histogram of the motion data. The details of this functionalityare discussed in more detail below.

One of the challenges with providing motion data for a therapeuticdevice that operates over a long period of time is that the motionsensor generates a significant amount of data that would requiresubstantial storage space on the device. Since the device is designed tobe wearable, this storage requirement could make the device bulky andmore cumbersome for the patient. In addition, the wireless transfer ofthis large amount of data to a mobile device or other remote processorwould take an extensive amount of time. The motion data would either betransferred automatically by the device or manually by the patientthrough one or more user input controls. In the former case, theautomatic transfer of this data would require the device to constantlysearch for something to wirelessly connect, or pair, with, therebyprematurely draining the battery. In the latter case, the patient wouldbe required to monitor the device during this data transfer, therebycurtailing ease of use and potentially reducing compliance with thetherapy regimen.

The present systems and devices provide a solution to these challengesby extracting enough data to provide useful information from the vastamount of data generated by motion sensor 238. This is achieved byparsing the data from the motion sensor 238 into a histogram and thenconverting this parsed data or histogram into meaningful patientinformation on a suitable display device. In one embodiment, processor240 determines a specific parameter set detected by motion sensor 238.This specific parameter set may be, for example, a peak vector magnitudeor an average vector magnitude over a specific period of time, e.g.,about 0.1 to 10 seconds, preferably about 0.5 to 2 seconds. Processor240 then stores only the specific parameter set (rather than every datapoint detected by motion sensor 238) which reduces the overall storagerequirements of device 10, and reduces the quantity of data that istransferred from device 10 to, for example, a mobile device or otherremote processor.

In certain embodiments, mobile device 60 may include softwareapplications that include goals or milestones for patient activitylevels throughout the therapy. The software applications are configuredto compare the motion data collected from stimulation device 10 withthese goals and to display this comparison on mobile device 60 and/orthe caregiver's display. This facilitates compliance with “physicianinstructed activity” during the patient's recovery.

Timing module 236 may comprise a real-time clock coupled to processor240 and functions to measure usage levels of device 10, e.g., treatmenttime, errors (type and when). In some embodiments, timing module 236tracks the amount of time that signal generator 232 applies electricalimpulses to electrodes 40, 42 and transfers this data to processor 240.In other embodiments, timing module 236 can also determine usageinformation based on impedance measured between electrodes 40, 42. Ineither of these embodiments, processor 240 is configured to transferthis data to a remote source, such as mobile device 60, via wirelesstransmitter/receiver 242.

Wireless transmitter/receiver 242 may comprise any suitable device whichconverts alternating currents to radio waves (or vice versa) fortransmitting data to and from stimulation device 10 and mobile device60. Transmitter/receiver 242 may comprise a radio frequency currentgenerator, one or more antennas and associated firmware. In certainembodiments, device 10 is designed to only transmit information or datafrom the device 10 to mobile device 60 or another remote source. Inthese embodiments, element 242 is only a transmitter and device 60cannot be controlled or otherwise manipulated from an external source.

In certain embodiments, the signal waveform that is to be applied toelectrodes 40, 42 of the stimulator device 10 is initially generatedexterior to device 10. In these embodiments, stimulator device 10preferably includes a software application that can be downloaded intothe device to receive, from the external control component, a wirelesslytransmitted waveform, or to receive a waveform that is transmitted bycable. If the waveforms are transmitted in compressed form, they arepreferably compressed in a lossless manner, e.g., making use of FLAC(Free Lossless Audio Codec). Alternatively, the downloaded softwareapplication may itself be coded to generate a particular waveform thatis to be applied to the electrodes 40, 42. In yet another embodiment,the software application is not downloaded from outside the device, butis instead available internally, for example, within read-only-memorythat is present within device 10.

A power amplifier within the housing of the stimulator may then drivethe signal onto the electrodes, in a fashion that is analogous to theuse of an audio power amplifier to drive loudspeakers. Alternatively,the signal processing and amplification may be implemented in a separatedevice that can be plugged into sockets on the phone and/or housing ofthe stimulator to couple the software application and the electrodes.

In addition to passing the stimulation waveform from an externalcontroller to the stimulator housing as described above, the externalcontroller may also pass control signals to the stimulator housing.Thus, the stimulation waveform may generally be regarded as a type ofanalog, pseudo-audio signal, but if the signal contains a signatureseries of pulses signifying that a digital control signal is about to besent, logic circuitry in the stimulator housing may then be set todecode the series of digital pulses that follows the signature series ofpulses, analogous to the operation of a modem.

Many of the steps that direct the waveform to the electrodes, includingsteps that may be controlled by the user via the touchscreen of mobiledevice 60 are implemented in the above-mentioned software application.By way of example, the software application may be written for a phonethat uses the Android operating system. Such applications are typicallydeveloped in the Java programming language using the Android SoftwareDevelopment Kit (SDK), in an integrated development environment (IDE),such as Eclipse.

In another embodiment, a base station is provided that that maysend/receive data to/from the stimulator, and may send/receive datato/from databases and other components of the system, including thosethat are accessible via the internet. Typically, the base station willbe a laptop computer attached to additional components needed for it toaccomplish its function. Thus, prior to any particular stimulationsession, the base station may load into the stimulator device 10parameters of the session, including waveform parameters, or the actualwaveform. In one embodiment, the base station is also used to limit theamount of stimulation energy that may be consumed by the patient duringthe session, by charging the stimulator's rechargeable battery with onlya specified amount of releasable electrical energy, which is differentthan setting a parameter to restrict the duration of a stimulationsession. This may help to ensure that the temperature of the deviceremains within acceptable limits for continuous use and wearing of thedevice. Thus, the base station may comprise a power supply that may beconnected to the stimulator's rechargeable battery, and the base stationmeters the recharge. As a practical matter, the stimulator may thereforeuse two batteries, one for applying stimulation energy to the electrodes(the charge of which may be limited by the base station) and the otherfor performing other functions. Alternatively, control components withinthe stimulator housing may monitor the amount of electrode stimulationenergy that has been consumed during a stimulation session and stop thestimulation session when a limit has been reached, irrespective of thetime when the limit has been reached.

FIG. 7 shows a block diagram illustrating an example of an environment500 for implementing the present systems, methods, and computer programproducts. The environment 500 can include a user 501, a stimulationdevice 503, a signal transmitter 505, a biometric sensor device 506, abattery charger 507, a user device 509, a provider device 511, and areference database 515. The stimulation device 503, the signaltransmitter 505, and the user device 509 can be the same or similar tothose previously described above (e.g., stimulation device 10,electrodes 40, 42, and mobile device 60, respectively).

The user 501 can be any individual. In the non-limiting examplesdescribed herein, the user 501 can be a post-surgical patient or anindividual with chronic pain. For example, the user 501 can be a patientreceiving therapeutic treatment using the stimulation device 503 and thesignal transmitter 505 while recovering from spinal fusion surgery. Insome embodiments, the user 501 of the stimulation device 503 canperiodically provide user status information 523 to the user device 509throughout the course of the therapeutic treatment. The user statusinformation 523 can include, for example, information indicating theuser's level of pain, satisfaction level, mood, medication use, activitylevel, and amount of sleep, and the like. In some embodiments, the user501 provides the user status information 523 directly to the user device509 via a user interface provided by the user device 509.

The stimulation device 503 can generate a stimulation signal 515 andapply it to the user 501 via the signal transmitter 505, as previouslydescribed herein. For example, the stimulation device 503 can be a level1 clinical device and the stimulation signal 515 can be a therapeuticelectric signal. In some embodiments, the stimulation signal 515comprises a waveform for transcutaneous delivery through an outer skinsurface of a patient to a target location within the user's spine. Thestimulation signal 515 can have a frequency, an amplitude, a duty cycle,a pulse width, a pulse shape, etc. selected to provide a therapeuticbenefit. For example, the stimulation signal 515 can be a waveform ofsubstantially sinusoidal pulses having a frequency of about 50 kHZ toabout 70 kHz, about 60 kHz. The amplitude of the waveform can be in therange of about 5 to about 10 mA (r.m.s.) at impedances between about 100and about 450 Ohms. The amplitude may be greater than about 3 mA(r.m.s.) at impedances between about 450 Ohms and about 750 Ohms.

In some embodiments, the stimulation device 503 provides auser-interface (e.g., user interface 52) that controls operation of thestimulation device 503, including controlling and modifying thestimulation signal 515. In some embodiments, the user interface allowsthe user 501 to select one or more parameters or combinations ofparameters for the stimulation signal 515. For example, the user 501 canselect one of a number of preprogramed profiles for the stimulationsignal 515 having different amplitudes and pulse widths.

The stimulation device 503 can generate a data digest 519. In someembodiments, the data digest 519 can be a data structure that logsactivity of the user 501 and the user's use of the stimulation device503 in a time-ordered sequence. For example, the data digest 519 can bea time-indexed data structure that stores data samples from varioussources in time-wise association with one another. In some embodimentsthe data digest 519 includes information indicating usage periods of thestimulation device 503, motion levels of user 501, and errors detectedby the stimulation device 503. For example, the stimulation device 503can generate the data digest 519 based on an impedance signal 517received from the signal transmitter 505 and motion data generated bymotion sensors in the stimulation device 503.

The biometric sensor device 506 can be a wearable device including oneor more sensors that generate biometric data 525 indicatingphysiological parameters of the user 501 and provide the biometric data525 to the user device 509. The biometric sensor device 506 can be, forexample, a smartwatch, waistband, instrumented shoes, instrumentedheadgear, or the like. The biometric sensor device 506 can include oneor more of “PCT” sensors, microarray sensors, optical sensors (e.g.,bioluminescence and fluorescence), microelectromechanical sensors,piezoelectric sensors, potentiometric sensors, amperometric sensors,conductometric sensors, nanosensors, or other suitable sensors. Thephysiological parameters detected by the sensors can include or more ofbody temperature, blood flow, heart rate, heart rate variation, heartrhythm, blood pressure, blood oxygen, gaze, and gait.

The signal transmitter 505 can be one or more devices that receives thetherapeutic stimulation signal 515 from the stimulation device 503 andapplies the stimulation signal 515 to the user 501. As previouslydescribed, the signal transmitter 505 can include a receiver forreceiving the stimulation signal 515 and for converting it to electricalimpulses. In some embodiments, the signal transmitter 505 comprises twoor more electrodes (e.g., electrodes 40, 42) that adhere to skin of theuser 501 and provide the stimulation signal 517 to a surgical sitethrough direct contact with skin of the user 501. In some otherembodiments, the signal transmitter 505 is incorporated into a wearableunit (e.g., wearable garment 57) that retains the electrodes in contactwith the skin of the user 501.

The battery charger 507 can be a device configured to connect with oneor more batteries 533A, 533B of the stimulation device 503 and providepower to the batteries 533A, 533B. For example, a housing of the batterycharger 507 can have an interior volume corresponding to the shape ofthe outer housing of the batteries 533A, 533B. The battery charger 507can include a power supply and control electronics that managerecharging of the batteries 533A, 533B. Additionally, in someembodiments, the battery charger 507 includes communication electronicsthat receive the data digest 519 stored in the batteries 533A, 533B bythe stimulation device 503, and can share the data digest 519 with otherdevices, such as the user device 509 and the provider device 511 whileone of the batteries 533A, 533B is not in use. For example, in responseto detecting insertion of the battery 533B, the battery charger 507 canprovide the data digest 519 to the provider device 511 via a wirelessconnection to the Internet. In some embodiments, the battery charger 507can store the data digest 519, and periodically provide it to the userdevice 509 and the provider device 511 (e.g., once per day). In someother embodiments, the battery charger 507 provides the data digest 519once per charging session, such as in response to the battery 533B beingconnected to the battery charger 507. As a practical matter, thestimulation device 503 can use two batteries 533A and 533B, wherein thebattery 533A powers the signal transmitter 505 and store the data digest519. Meanwhile, the battery charger 507 recharges the second battery533B while communicating information previously recorded in the datadigest 519.

The user device 509 can be a computing device that communicates with theuser 501, the stimulation device 503, the biometric device 506, thebattery charger 507, and the reference database 515 via one or morewired or wireless data communication channels. In some embodiments, theuser device 509 is a portable computing device, which can be the same orsimilar to that previously described herein (e.g., user device 60). Insome other embodiments, the user device 509 is a desktop computer or alaptop computer. In some other embodiments, the user device 509 is acommunication node that relays information from the user 501, thestimulation device 503, the biometric sensor device 506, and thereference database 515 through a network (e.g., the Internet) to aremote computing system, such as the provider device 511.

The user device 509 can receive information, including the data digest519 from the stimulation device 503, user status information 523 fromthe user 501, biometric data 525 from the biometric sensor device 506,and reference data 527 from the reference database 515. In some otherembodiments, the user device 509 receives the data digest 519 from thebatteries 533A, 533B during recharging in the battery charger 507. Theuser device 509 can log information in association with timestampsindicating a time the information was generated or received. Forexample, the information received from the user 501, the stimulationdevice 503, the biometric sensor device 506, and the reference database515 can be stored in time-wise association with one another based ontheir respective timestamps.

Additionally, the user device 509 can store and process the data digest519, the user status information 523, and the biometric data 525 todetermine correlations and trends. Further, the user device 509 can usethis information to generate reports 529 providing feedback to the user501 and the provider device 511. In some embodiments, the reports 529indicate the user's activity, daily treatment schedule compliance, andhistorical performance. For example, the reports 529 can aggregatetime-indexed data indicating the user's usage, activity, and user status(e.g., pain, discomfort, and mood) over a period of time (e.g., daily,monthly, quarterly, and annually).

Further, in some embodiments, the user device 509 provides userinterfaces for configuring and controlling the stimulation device 503,for receiving information from the user 501 (e.g., user statusinformation 523 and biometric data 525), and providing information tothe user (e.g., reports 529). Configuring and controlling thestimulation device 503 can include receiving selections of stimulationparameters 521, such as waveform parameters, or an actual waveform. Insome embodiments, the stimulation parameters 521 can limit energyconsumed during a therapeutic session to a predetermined maximum amountof total power, which is different than setting a parameter to restrictthe duration of a stimulation session to prevent a temperature of thestimulation device 503 from exceeding a predetermined limit forcontinuous use and wearing of the device. The user interface can alsointeract with the user 501 periodically elicit and receive the userstatus information 523 form the user 501. The user interface can alsointeract with the user 501 to configure and display various reports 529,such as usage reports, activity reports, user status reports, and thelike. In some embodiments, the user interface combines informationincluded in the reports 529 with other information, such asuser-specific goal and target information stored on the user device 509or at the reference database 515.

The provider device 511 can be one or more computing devices thatreceive the reports 529 from one or more user devices 509 of one or moreusers 501. In some embodiments, the provider device 511 can be a serveror a personal computer. Additionally, in some embodiments, the providerdevice 511 can also receive anonymized user data aggregated from anumber of different user devices other than the user device 509 used byusers other than the user 501. In some embodiments, the provider device511 is a computing device of a healthcare provider that is authorized toview the user's data.

The reference database 515 can be one or more storage systems storingreference data 527 and communicatively linked to the user device 509 andthe provider device 511. In some embodiments, the reference database 515is a network storage system remote from the user device 509 and theprovider device 511. In some other embodiments, the reference database515 is stored locally by the user device 509 or provider device 511. Thereference data 527 can include, for example, user data, provider data,and device data. The user data can include, for example, registrationdata, profile data, prescription information, medical history data, andscheduling information. The user data can also include therapeuticplans, goals, targets, timelines, and milestones. The provider data caninclude, for example, provider profile data, scheduling information, andmedication prescription information. The device data can include, forexample, device profile and setting information for the stimulationdevice 503.

FIG. 8 shows a system block diagram illustrating an example of astimulation device 503. The stimulation device 503 includes hardware andsoftware that perform processes and functions described herein. In someembodiments, the stimulation device 503 includes a computing device 605,a signal generator 606, an impedance sensor 607, a motion sensor 608,I/O devices 609, and a storage system 610.

In some embodiments, the computing device 605 can include one or moreprocessors 612 (e.g., microprocessor, microchip, or application-specificintegrated circuit), one or more memory devices 613 (e.g., random-accessmemory and/or read-only memory), and I/O interface 615, and acommunication interface 617. In some embodiments, the processor 612includes a real-time clock that produces one or more clock signals thatcan be used to timestamp data. The memory devices 613 can include alocal memory (e.g., a random-access memory and a cache memory) employedduring execution of program instructions. Additionally, the computingdevice 605 can include at least one communication channel 619 (e.g., adata bus) by which it communicates with the storage system 610, thememory device 613, the I/O interface 615, and the communicationinterface 617.

It is understood that the computing device 605 can comprise anygeneral-purpose computing article of manufacture capable of executingcomputer program instructions installed thereon. However, the computingdevice 605 is only representative of various possible computing devicesthat can perform the processes described herein. To this extent, inembodiments, the functionality provided by the computing device 605 canbe any combination of general and/or specific purpose hardware and/orcomputer program instructions. In each embodiment, the programinstructions and hardware can be created using standard programming andengineering techniques.

The signal generator 606 can be a device that generates the stimulationsignal 515. The signal generator 606 can, for example, produce one ormore selectable signal pulse trains. In some embodiments, a user (e.g.,user 501) can select one or more parameters (e.g., stimulationparameters 521) of the stimulation signal 515, such as frequency,amplitude, duty cycle, pulse width, pulse shape, via the I/O devices609. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, an externaldevice (e.g., provider device 511 or reference database 515) can providethe stimulation parameters 521 or other control information to thestimulation device 503.

The impedance sensor 607 can be one or more devices that measureimpedance from current flow of a signal transmitter (e.g., signaltransmitter 505), such as between electrodes (e.g., electrodes 40, 42)and generates an impedance signal 517 indicating the magnitude of theimpedance. In some embodiments, the impedance signal 517 is a logicalsignal (e.g., having either a low or a high state) indicating whether ornot the signal transmitter is conducting current through the user'sskin.

The motion sensor 608 can be one or more devices that generate motiondata by detecting movement of the stimulation device 503. In someembodiments, the motion sensor 608 can include one or moreaccelerometers. For example, the motion sensor 608 can be a three-axisaccelerometer. The motion data can be a representing magnitude of theaccelerations along one or more of the axes, or a combination thereof.For example, values included in the signal or data stream output by themotion sensor 608 can indicate a total magnitude of the accelerationsalong the three axes. The magnitude of the signal or a data stream cancorrespond to different levels of user activity, for example, sleeping,sitting, walking, jogging, sprinting, or any other activity.

The I/O devices 609 can include one or more devices that enable the userto interact with the stimulation device 503 (e.g., a user interface)and/or any device that enables the stimulation device 503 to communicatewith one or more other computing devices using any type of communicationlink. The I/O devices 609 can include, for example, a touchscreendisplay, a keypad, one or more selectors, one or more indicators. TheI/O device 609 can provide a user interface, as previously describedherein and additionally described below.

The storage device 610 can store data received and generated by thestimulation device 503, including a data digest 519 and stimulationparameters 521. The data digest 519 can store a time-indexed log of dataobtained from the motion sensors 608 and impedance data obtained fromthe impedance signal 517.

The I/O interface 615 can control data flow between the processor 612and the signal generator 606, the impedance sensor 607, the motionsensor 608, and the I/O devices 609. For example, the I/O interface 615can communicate selected stimulation parameters 521 from the processor612 to the signal generator 606. The I/O interface 615 can alsocommunicate impendence information from the impedance sensor 607 to theprocessor 612. Further, the I/O interface 615 can communicate motioninformation from the motion sensor 608 to the processor 612. Moreover,the I/O interface 615 can communicate user inputs and indicationstransmitted between the I/O devices 609 and the processor 612.

The communication interface 617 can include any device interconnectingthe computing device 605 with an information network (e.g., a local areanetwork, a wide area network, and the Internet) enabling the stimulationdevice 503 to communicate with other computing systems and informationstorage systems (e.g., user device 509). In some embodiments, thecommunication interface 617 uses communication protocols that establishsecure communication links satisfying HIPPA requirements.

The processor 612 executes computer program instructions (e.g., anoperating system and/or application programs), which can be stored inthe memory device 613 and/or the storage device 610. In someembodiments, the processor 612 can also execute computer programinstructions for a sensor module 635 and a stimulation module 637. Thesensor module 635 can be software, hardware, or a combination thereofthat processes the information provided by the impedance sensor 607 andthe motion sensor 608 (e.g., via the I/O interface 615). In someembodiments, the sensor module 635 samples the impedance information andthe motion information at a predetermined rate. Additionally, the sensormodule 635 can timestamp the samples of the impedance information andthe motion information using a real-time clock. Further, the sensormodule 635 can condition the samples of the impedance information andthe motion information to, for example, amplify, normalize, de-jitter,and de-noise the information. For example, the sensor module 635 cansample the impedance information and the motion information respectivelyoutput by the impedance sensor 607 and the motion sensor 608 at a rateof about 30 Hertz, determine values of the output within one of 15predefined ranges, and record the values along with timestamps in thedata digest 519.

The stimulation module 637 can be software, hardware, or a combinationthereof that that controls the signal generator 606 to generate thestimulation signal 515 based on stimulation parameters 521. As notedabove the stimulation parameters 521 of the stimulation signal 515 caninclude frequency, an amplitude, a duty cycle, a pulse width, and apulse shape. In some embodiments, the stimulation parameters 521 can bepredetermined values stored in the storage device 610. In some otherembodiments, the stimulation parameters 521 can be dynamically updatedand provided from an external device (e.g., user device 509, providerdevice 511, or reference data 527). In some embodiments, the stimulationmodule 637 adjusts the amplitude of the stimulation parameters 521 basedon the impedance data output by the sensor module 635 based on theimpedance signal 517. By doing so, the amplitude of the stimulationparameters 521 transmitted to the user can remain substantially within adesired therapeutic range. It is understood that, in some embodiments,the signal waveform can be generated externally from the stimulationdevice 503. In such embodiments, the stimulation device 10 can include asoftware application that can be downloaded into the device to receive,from the external control component, a wirelessly transmitted waveform,or to receive a waveform that is transmitted by cable. If the waveformsare transmitted in compressed form, they can be compressed in a losslessmanner, e.g., making use of FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec).Alternatively, the downloaded software application may itself be codedto generate a particular waveform that is to be output by the signalgenerator 606.

FIG. 9 shows a system block diagram illustrating an example of a userdevice 509, which can be the same or similar to that described above.The user device 509 includes hardware and software that performprocesses and functions described herein. In some embodiments, the userdevice 509 includes one or more input/output (I/O) devices 707, storagesystem 709, one or more processors 711, one or more memory devices 713,an I/O interface 715, a communication interface 717, and a data bus 719,all of which can be the same or similar to those previously describedabove. The processor 711 executes computer program instructions (e.g.,an operating system and/or application programs), which can be stored inthe memory device 713 and/or the storage system 709. The processor 711can also execute computer program instructions for a data conversionmodule 733, a user status module 735, and a reporting module 737.

The data conversion module 733 can be software, hardware, or acombination thereof that processes motion and usage information in thedata digest 519 to determine the activity data 545 and store it in thestorage device 709. Determining the activity data can include samplingthe motion and usage information in consecutive time frames (e.g., onesecond), determining a peak value of the information in the individualtime frames, and classifying the samples as one of a predeterminednumber (e.g., 15) of activity levels based on their respective peakvalues. Determining the activity data can also include grouping thesamples from a predetermined time period (e.g., an hour) together basedon their respective activity levels.

The user status module 735 can be software, hardware, or a combinationthereof that elicits and receive the user status information 523 from auser and records it in the storage device 709. In some embodiments, theuser status module 735 elicits the user status information 523 byperiodically and automatically displaying prompts to the user via theI/O device 707. For example, the I/O device 707 can be a touchscreengraphic user interface of a smartphone. The user status module 735 canperiodically (e.g., hourly) display interactive pop-up messagesprompting the user to enter the user status information 523, such asillustrated in FIG. 13B. Further, the user status module 735 can displayan interactive data entry form using the I/O device 707 prompting theuser to enter information regarding, for example, their level of pain,their satisfaction level, their mood, their recent medication use, theiractivity level, their amount and quality of sleep, and other suchrelated their current condition, The user status module 735 canperiodically (e.g., hourly) display interactive pop-up messagesprompting the user to enter the user status information 523, such asillustrated in FIG. 15C. In some embodiments, the prompts may includequestions and information tailored to the user based on, for example,user-specific and provider-specific information, such as prescriptionregimens, treatment plans, goals, milestones, and the like, which can bestored in the reference data 527.

The reporting module 737 can be software, hardware, or a combinationthereof that generates reports 529, stores the reports 529 in the datastorage device 709, provides interactive user interfaces for selectingand displaying the reports 529 using the I/O interface 707, andcommunicate the reports 529 using the communications interface 717. Thereporting module 737 can use predefined schema to collect, organize, andformat the user status data 523, the activity data 545, the referencedata 527 in portion, in full, and in combination to generate the reports529. For example, FIGS. 15A and 15D illustrate examples of graphic userinterfaces 1310 and 1330 provided on the I/O device 707 of the userdevice 509 providing selections for accessing and displaying reports ofstimulation device usage 1332, user activity 1334, user status 1336, andcombined information 1338. FIG. 15E illustrates an example graphic userinterface 1350 displaying and example stimulation device usage report.FIG. 15F illustrates an example graphic user interface 1360 displayingand example user activity report based on data included in data digest519 and the activity data 545. FIG. 15G illustrates an example graphicuser interface 1370 displaying an example histogram of user activitybased on data included in data digest 519 and the activity data 545. Itis understood that the data can be displayed in other manners (e.g.,line charts, pie charts, etc.). Further, it can combine and overlay theuser status data 523, the activity data 545, the reference data 527 invarious fashions.

FIG. 10 shows a system block diagram illustrating an example of abattery 533 and a battery charger 507, which can be the same or similarto those previously described above. The battery 533 can include anon-volatile data storage device 805, an input/output device 809, whichcan be the same or similar to those previously described herein.Additionally, the battery 533 can include a housing 811 and aninput/output connector 815. The battery charger 507 can include aprocessor 825, non-volatile data storage device 827, an input/outputdevice 829, and communications interface 833, which can be the same orsimilar to those previously described herein. Additionally, the batterycharger 510 can include a power supply 841, a housing 845 and aninput/output connector 849.

In some embodiments, the battery 533 connects to the battery charger 507via input/output connectors 815 and 849. The battery 533 can receivepower from the power supply 841 via the input/output connectors 815 and849 and recharges the battery 533. Additionally, the battery 533 canprovide data, such as data digest 519, stored in the data storage device805 to the data storage device 527 of the battery charger 510 viainput/output connectors 815 and 849 and I/O devices 809 and 829 undercontrol of the processor 825. In some embodiments, the battery charger507 can receive and mate with the battery 533. For example, the housing811 of the battery 533 can be inserted in the battery charger 507 suchthat the connector 815 of the battery 533 mates with the connector 849of the battery charger 507. It is understood that other methods andstructures for connecting the battery charger 507 and the battery 533can be used.

As illustrated above in FIG. 7, the battery 533 can also connect to astimulation device (e.g., stimulation device 503) to receive and storethe data digest 519. It is understood that the battery 533 can connectto the stimulation device in a similar manner as is described aboveregarding the battery charger 507. More specifically, the battery 533can receive power from the power supply 841 via the input/outputconnectors 849 to a corresponding connector of the user device and powerthe user device. The battery 533 can store the data digest 519 in thedata storage device 505 via input/output connectors 815 and the I/Odevice 809 under control of a processor (e.g., processor 612) of thestimulation device.

FIG. 11 shows a functional flow block diagram illustrating an example ofa process 900 performed by a system. The process 900 includes user 501,stimulation device 503, signal transmitter 505, biometric sensor device506, user device 509, and provider device 511, all of which can be thesame or similar to those previously described herein. The stimulationdevice 503 can be communicatively connected to the user 501 via thesignal transmitter 505. The stimulation module 637 can control thesignal generator 606 to generate the stimulation signal 515 based on thestimulation parameters 521. The signal parameters 521 can be stored inthe user device 509 (e.g., in storage device 610). In some embodiments,the stimulation parameters 521 can be provided to the stimulation device503 by the user device 509.

The signal transmitter 505 can apply the stimulation signal 515transcutaneously through the skin of the user 501 to the targettreatment site (e.g., joint, muscle, nerve, bone, ligament, vasculature,and/or other hard or soft tissue, etc.) Additionally, the signaltransmitter 505 can provide an impedance signal 517 representing ameasurement of impedance to a flow of electrical current across the skinof the user 501 to the sensor module 635. The sensor module 635 cangenerate impedance information by conditioning the impedance signal 517,periodically sampling it, and storing timestamped values of the samplesin the data digest 519. In some embodiments, the stimulation module 637controls the signal generator 606 to modify the stimulation signal 515based on the impendence data stored in the data digest 519 to accountfor changes in impedance in the user's skin over time.

Further, the biometric sensor device 506 and the motion sensor 608 candetect physical parameters of the user 501 and provide motion data andbiometric data 525 to the user device 509. In some embodiments, thesensor module 635 can condition the motion data and the biometric data525 received from the biometric sensor device 506 and the motion sensor608, periodically sample them, and store timestamped values of thesamples in the data digest 519. It is understood that, in someembodiments, the motion data and the biometric data 525 can be providedas time stamped samples and the user device 509 can store theinformation directly in the data digest 519 without being sampled ormodified by the sensor module 635.

The user device 509 can receive and store the data digest 519 generatedby the stimulation device 503. In some embodiments, stimulation device503 transmits the data digest 519 to the user device 509. For example,the communication interface 617 of the stimulation device 503periodically transmits the data digest 519 to the communicationinterface 717 of the user device 509 (e.g., about every 12 hours). Insome other embodiments, the stimulation device 503 asynchronouslytransmits the data digest 519 to the user device 509. In some otherembodiments, as detailed above, a removable battery (e.g., battery 533)of the stimulation device 503 stores the data digest 519 and provides itto the user device 509 while recharging in a battery charger (e.g.,battery charger 507).

Additionally, the user device 509 can receive the user statusinformation 523 from the user via one or more of the input/outputdevices 609. In some embodiments, the input/output devices 609 caninclude a touchscreen user interface, and the user status module 735 canperiodically prompt the user 501 to input information describing theuser's current conditions, such as mood, pain level, and medicationstaken. For example, based on a predetermined medication schedule (e.g.,included in reference data 527), the user status module 735 can initiatealerts and prompts for the user 501 to take medication and receiveconfirmation from the user 501 that the medication was taken. The userstatus module 735 can timestamp the user status information 523 andstore it in activity data 545.

Using the information in the data digest 519, as well as user statusinformation 523 from the user 501 and biometric data 535 from thebiometric sensor device 506, the user device 509 can determine theactivity data 545. The reporting module 737 can use the activity data545 to generate the reports 529, which can indicate user activity levelsover periods of time. The activity level reported 529 can include, forexample, one or more histograms illustrating activity levels duringindividual hours of individual days throughout the user's treatment. Theuser device 509 can display the reports 529 to the user 501 using aninput/output device (e.g., I/O device 707) and provide the reports tothe provider device 511.

Further, the reporting module 737 can process the activity data 545 todetermine correlations, identify trends, and generate reports 529. Thereporting module 737 can output the reports to the input/output device609 for display to the user 501 via user interface. In some embodiments,using the impedance data in the data digest 519, the reporting module737 can determine the time and the duration of use of the signaltransmitter 505 by the user 101. Further, in some embodiments, using thedata from the motion sensor 608 and biometric sensor device 506, thereporting module 737 can determine timing, duration, and intensity ofthe user's 501 activity. Additionally, in some embodiment, the userdevice 509 can suggest diagnoses of other maladies based on the datafrom the motion sensor 608 and the biometric sensor device 506.

FIG. 12 shows a functional flow block diagram illustrating an example ofa process 1000 for generating activity data 545. The process 1000 canuse information contained in data digest 519, data conversion module733, memory device 713, and storage device 709, all of which can be thesame or similar to those previously described herein. The dataconversion module 733 can include an activity level classifier 1005 andan activity class parser 1009. While the activity level classifier 1005and the activity class parser 1009 are described as separate processingmodules, it is understood that some or all of their functionality can beperformed by a single module, such as the data conversion module 733, ortheir functionality can be divided among more modules.

As illustrated in FIG. 12, the activity level classifier 1005 canreceive the data digest 519. As described previously, the data digest519 can include time-indexed information recorded by a stimulationdevice (e.g., stimulation device 503). In some embodiments, the datadigest 519 can include motion information generated by motion sensors(e.g., motion sensor 608 of the stimulation device 503) and impedanceinformation indicating user application of a stimulation signal (e.g.,stimulation signal 515) to a user (e.g., user 701). The information inthe data digest 519 can be correlated with one another based on theirrespective timestamps.

In some embodiments, the activity level classifier 1005 determineslevels of activity by sampling the data digest 519 during individualtime frames, determining values of the samples for the individual timeframes, and determining a corresponding activity level group (e.g., acorresponding bin) for the individual samples from a plurality ofpredetermined activity level groups including different respectiveranges of motion values. For example, the data digest 519 can includeinformation recorded once every second (e.g., 1 Hertz), as indicated bytimestamps. For data in the digest 519 sampled over a first minute(e.g., 60 records) of the information in the data digest 519, theactivity level classifier 1005 can determine the peak values of the datain the first minute and classify the first minute into one of apredetermined number of activity levels, and store the determinedactivity level in the memory device 713 at, for example, record 0000.For example, the activity level classifier 1005 can use 15 levels,including level 0, level 1, level 2 . . . level 14. Samples in level 0can have values from zero to 1/15th of the maximum possible value.Samples in level 1 can have values from 1/15th to 2/15th of the maximum,and so on up to level 14, which can include samples having valuesbetween 13/14th to the maximum. Hence, if the sample for the firstminute of the data digest 519 indicates zero activity, the activitylevel classifier 1005 can classify the first minute in the lowestactivity level (e.g., level 0) and store the activity level in thememory device 713 in a respective r, such as record 0000. Whereas, ifthe sample for the first minute of the data digest 519 indicateextremely high activity, the activity level classifier 1005 can classifythe first minute in the highest activity level (e.g., level 14) andstore that activity level in the respective record. The activity levelclassifier 1005 can sample successive minutes of data in the data digest519, determine the peak value of the data, and classify the individualsamples into respective activity levels. Hence, at the end of a day, forexample, all of a user's activity for individual minutes can beclassified into one of the activity levels 0-14.

In a non-limiting example, the user may have performed activities over50 seconds that are detected by a motion sensor and recorded in the datadigest 519. The activity level classifier 1005 can sample the dataincluding that activity in the data digest 519, determine a value of thedata by converting the data to a vector, and determine a peak magnitudeof the vector of the sample. The activity level classifier 1005 candetermine that the peak magnitude of the vector was between 1/15th and2/15th of the maximum vector possible, which can correspond to activitylevel 1 and store the determined level as a record (e.g., record 0000)in the memory device 713.

Additionally, the activity class parser 1009 can parse samples intoactivity level groups for predetermined time periods (e.g., one hourtime periods) based on their respective activity levels. For instance,the activity levels included in individual hours of the day (e.g., hours0, 1, 2 . . . 23), the activity class parser 1009 can determine how manysamples in the memory device 713 are classified in the individual theactivity levels. For example, a first hour of a day (e.g., hour 0),which can include records 0000 to 003B in memory device 713, theactivity class parser 1009 can determine a first quantity of the samplesincluded in activity level group 0, a second quantity of samplesincluded in activity level group 1, a third quantity of samples includedin activity level group 2, and so on up to a fifteenth quantity ofsamples included in activity level group 14. For example, FIG. 11 showsa data structure 1100 containing activity data determined by theactivity class parser 1009 using information contain in the memorydevice 713. The data structure 1100 can includes records associatingindividual hours 1105 (hours 0-23) of an individual day (e.g., day 52 of270) with 15 activity levels 1110 (levels 0-14). For a fourth hour ofthe day (e.g., hour 3), the activity class parser 1009 can determinethat the records 00F0 to 012B are stored in the memory device 713include 295 samples in activity level group 0, a 95 samples included inactivity level group 1, 118 samples included in activity level group 2,35 samples included in activity level group 3, 44 samples included inactivity level group 4, 53 samples included in activity level group 5,65 samples included in activity level group 6, 8 samples included inactivity level group 7, 3 samples included in activity level group 8, 1sample included in activity level group 9, 0 samples included inactivity level group 10, 0 samples included in activity level group 11,0 samples included in activity level group 12, 0 samples included inactivity level group 13, and 0 samples included in activity level group14. Based on the samples determined to be in the individual activitylevel groups, the system can determine a quantity of time included inthe activity levels within the time period.

The flow diagram in FIG. 14 illustrates an example of the functionalityand operation of possible embodiments of systems, methods, and computerprogram products according to various embodiments described herein. Theflow diagram can represent a module, segment, or portion of programinstructions, which includes one or more computer executableinstructions for implementing the illustrated functions and operations.In some alternative embodiments, the functions and/or operationsillustrated in a particular block of the flow diagram can occur out ofthe order shown in FIG. 14. For example, two blocks shown in successioncan be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks can sometimesbe executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionalityinvolved. It will also be noted that each block of the flow diagram andcombinations of blocks in the block can be implemented by specialpurpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions oracts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computerinstructions.

At block 1203, the system (e.g., stimulation device 503 executingstimulation module 637) can output a therapeutic stimulation signal(e.g., stimulation signal 515) for a user (e.g., user 501). As detailedabove, the system can generate the stimulation signal based onpredetermined or dynamically determined parameters (e.g., stimulationparameters 521) using a signal generator (e.g., signal generator 606)via a signal transmitter (e.g., electrodes 40, 42 in signal transmitter505).

At block 1205, the system (e.g., stimulation device 503 executing sensormodule 635) can log impedance information from the signal transmitter.In some embodiments, the system can periodically determine magnitudes ofsamples of an impedance signal (e.g., impedance signal 517) output fromthe signal transmitter, timestamp the values of the samples, and storethe timestamped impedance values in a data digest (e.g., data digest519).

At block 1209, the system can log motion information from motion sensors(e.g., motion sensor 608) of the stimulation device. In someembodiments, the system can periodically determine values of samples ofmotion signals (e.g., magnitudes of acceleration vectors) output fromthe motion sensors, timestamp the values of the samples and store thetimestamped motion values in the data digest in association with theimpedance values logged at block 1205 based on their respectivetimestamps.

At block 1213, the system (e.g., user device 509 executing dataconversion module 733) can determine the user's activity levels (e.g.,activity data 545) based on the samples in the data digest. Aspreviously described, determining the activity levels can includedetermining the values of the samples over individual time frames (e.g.,one minute increments), determining the maximum value of the samplesincluded in their respective time frames, and classifying the individualsamples into one of a number of predetermined activity levels (e.g., oneof levels 0-14) based on their respective maximum values. Determiningthe values of the samples can include converting values of the samplesinto vectors and determining the maximum magnitudes of the individualvectors. Based on the activity levels of the time frames, the system cancreate activity data by parsing the records into a plurality of groupsbased on their respective activity levels determined at block 1213 anddetermine the quantity activity levels records included in theindividual groups, such as illustrated in FIG. 13.

At block 1217, the system (e.g., user device 509 executing user statusmodule 735) can obtain user status information (e.g., user status data523) from the user. As previously described above and illustrated inFIGS. 15B and 15C, the system can generate and display interactive userinterfaces prompting the user to enter the user status information.Additionally, at block 1221, the system (e.g., user device 509 executinguser status module 735) can obtain biometric information (e.g.,biometric data 525) from the biometric sensor device (e.g., biometricsensor device 506).

At block 1225, the system (e.g., user device 509 executing userreporting module 737) can generate or determine one or more usagereports (e.g., reports 529) based on the activity levels determined atblock 1213, the user status information logged at block 1217, and thebiometric information logged at block 1221. In some embodiments, thereport illustrates the activity levels and the usage levels ashistograms, bar charts, line charts, pie charts, or the like. Further,in some embodiments, the reports may combine user status information,such as pain data, with the motion levels and the usage levels. Forexample, the active usage report can indicate a time-correlation betweenuser pain and activity levels by superimposing user pain data overlevels over activity illustrate in particular time frames (e.g., daily,weekly, or monthly). It is understood that other types of graphicalrepresentations of the information can be used. At block 1229, thesystem can provide the usage report determined at block 1225 to the userand to a monitor device (e.g., monitor device 111).

This description and the accompanying drawings illustrate exemplaryembodiments and should not be taken as limiting, with the claimsdefining the scope of the present disclosure, including equivalents.Various mechanical, compositional, structural, and operational changesmay be made without departing from the scope of this description and theclaims, including equivalents. Like numbers in two or more figuresrepresent the same or similar elements. Furthermore, elements and theirassociated aspects that are described in detail with reference to oneembodiment may, whenever practical, be included in other embodiments inwhich they are not specifically shown or described. For example, if anelement is described in detail with reference to one embodiment and isnot described with reference to a second embodiment, the element maynevertheless be claimed as included in the second embodiment. Moreover,the depictions herein are for illustrative purposes only and do notnecessarily reflect the actual shape, size, or dimensions of the systemor illustrated components.

With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singularterms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from theplural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as isappropriate to the context and/or application. The varioussingular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sakeof clarity. It will be understood by those within the art that, ingeneral, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g.,bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms(e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but notlimited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having atleast,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but isnot limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those withinthe art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation isintended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and inthe absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example,as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may containusage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” tointroduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should notbe construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by theindefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containingsuch introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one suchrecitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases“one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or“an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one”or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articlesused to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specificnumber of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, thoseskilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should beinterpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the barerecitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, means at leasttwo recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in thoseinstances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C,etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the senseone having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “asystem having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not belimited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and Btogether, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and Ctogether, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “atleast one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a constructionis intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understandthe convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” wouldinclude but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, Calone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A,B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those withinthe art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting twoor more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, ordrawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities ofincluding one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. Forexample, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include thepossibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” In addition, where features oraspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups,those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is alsothereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup ofmembers of the Markush group.

1-17. (canceled)
 18. A portable stimulation device comprising: a housingcomprising an energy source and a signal generator coupled to the energysource, wherein the housing includes an attachment element for removablycoupling the housing to a patient and an upper surface directed towardsa head of a patient when the attachment element is coupled to thepatient; one or more electrodes coupled to the signal generator andhaving a contact surface configured for contacting an outer skin surfaceof a patient, wherein the signal generator is configured to generate oneor more electrical impulses and transmit the one or more electricalimpulses to the electrodes and transcutaneously through the outer skinsurface to a target area within the patient; a user interface coupled tothe signal generator and the energy source; the user interface beingdisposed on the upper surface of the housing; a motion sensor coupled tothe housing and configured to sense a motion of the housing a processorcoupled to the motion sensor; a computer-readable storage device thatstores program instructions that, when executed by the processor,determine a plurality of motion data obtained from the motion sensorover a time frame, wherein the computer-readable storage device storesprogram instructions to group the plurality of motion data into a singleparameter; and a wireless transmitter within the housing, the wirelesstransmitter being configured to transmit the single parameter to aremote source.
 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the attachmentelement is configured to attach to a waist of the patient.
 20. Thedevice of claim 18, wherein the attachment element comprises a clipconfigured to attach to a belt worn by a patient.
 21. The device ofclaim 18, wherein the user interface comprises a plurality of userinputs, wherein each user input provides a single input to thestimulation device that correlates with a single output.
 22. The deviceof claim 18, wherein the housing comprises a lower surface and first andsecond opposing side surfaces between the upper and lower surfaces,wherein the first and second opposing side surfaces are curved.
 23. Thedevice of claim 22, wherein the first opposing side surface is convexand the second opposing side surface is concave.
 24. The device of claim18, wherein the energy source comprises a rechargeable battery, whereinthe rechargeable battery is removably coupled to the housing. 25.(canceled)
 26. (canceled)
 27. The device of claim 18, wherein the singleparameter comprises a peak vector magnitude of the plurality of motiondata over the time frame.
 28. The device of claim 18, wherein the singleparameter comprises an average vector magnitude of the plurality ofmotion data over the time frame.
 29. The device of claim 18, wherein thetime frame is about 0.1 to about 10 seconds.
 30. The device of claim 18,wherein the energy source is configured to transmit the one or moreelectrical impulses from the electrodes, transcutaneously through theouter skin surface to a target location within a spine of the patient,wherein the one or more electrical impulses are sufficient to enhancebone healing in the patient.
 31. The device of claim 18, wherein themotion sensor is housed within the housing.
 32. The device of claim 18,wherein the motion sensor comprises an accelerometer configured to sensethe motion of the housing in three separate axes.
 33. The device ofclaim 18, wherein the plurality of motion data is sampled about five toabout 100 times per second.
 34. The device of claim 18, wherein theplurality of motion data is grouped into one or more bins to create ahistogram of the motion data.
 35. (canceled)
 36. The device of claim 18,further comprising a timing module housed within the housing andconfigured to determine a usage level of the signal generator.
 37. Thedevice of claim 36, further comprising a processor coupled to the timingmodule and a computer-readable storage device that stores programinstructions that when executed by the processor determine the usagelevel of the signal generator, wherein the usage level is based on aperiod of time that the one or more electrical impulses are transmittedto the one or more electrodes.
 38. A portable stimulation devicecomprising: a housing comprising an energy source and a signal generatorcoupled to the energy source, wherein the housing includes an attachmentelement for removably coupling the housing to a patient and an uppersurface directed towards a head of a patient when the attachment elementis coupled to the patient; one or more electrodes coupled to the signalgenerator and having a contact surface configured for contacting anouter skin surface of a patient, wherein the signal generator isconfigured to generate one or more electrical impulses and transmit theone or more electrical impulses to the electrodes and transcutaneouslythrough the outer skin surface to a target area within the patient; auser interface coupled to the signal generator and the energy source,the user interface being disposed on the upper surface of the housing; amotion sensor coupled to the housing and configured to sense a motion ofthe housing; and a timing module housed within the housing andconfigured to determine a usage level of the signal generator, whereinthe usage level is based on a period of time that the one or moreelectrical impulses are transmitted to the one or more electrodes. 39.The device of claim 38, further comprising a processor coupled to thetiming module and a computer-readable storage device that stores programinstructions that when executed by the processor determine the usagelevel of the signal generator.
 40. The device of claim 38, furthercomprising further comprising a processor coupled to the motion sensorand a computer-readable storage device that stores program instructionsthat, when executed by the processor, determine a plurality of motiondata obtained from the motion sensor over a time frame, wherein thecomputer-readable storage device stores program instructions to groupthe plurality of motion data into a single parameter.